Muaj ntau hom catalysts, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua kua catalysts thiab cov khoom catalysts raws li lawv lub xeev; Raws li lub xeev theem ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua homogeneous catalysts thiab heterogeneous catalysts, thiab homogeneous catalysts muaj xws li acids, alkalis, soluble hloov pauv hlau tebchaw thiab peroxide catalysts. Heterogeneous catalysts muaj xws li cov kua qaub catalysts, organic alkali catalysts, hlau catalysts, hlau oxide catalysts, complex catalysts, tsawg ntiaj teb catalysts, molecular sieve catalysts, lom catalysts, nanocatalysts, thiab lwm yam. Raws li hom tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws muab faib ua polymerization, polycondensation, esterification, acetalization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, txo, alkylation, isomerization thiab lwm yam catalysts; Raws li qhov loj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, nws kuj tau muab faib ua lub ntsiab catalyst thiab co-catalyst.
Homogeneous catalysis
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua los ntawm cov catalyst thiab cov reactant nyob rau tib theem yam tsis muaj lub neej ntawm ib theem ciam teb yog hu ua homogeneous catalysis, thiab cov catalyst uas tuaj yeem ua si homogeneous catalytic nyhuv yog homogeneous catalyst. Homogeneous catalysts muaj xws li kua acids, alkali catalysts thiab Chromosis khoom acid thiab alkaline catalysts, soluble hloov pauv hlau tebchaw (salts thiab complexes), thiab lwm yam. Homogeneous catalysts ua nws tus kheej li molecules los yog ions, nrog uniform active chaw, siab kev ua si thiab siab xaiv.
Heterogeneous catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysts, tseem hu ua heterogeneous catalysts, yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ntau theem, uas yog, lawv nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv lub xeev ntawm cov reactants lawv catalyze. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov margarine, unsaturated zaub roj thiab hydrogen tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv cov roj saturated los ntawm cov khoom nickel (catalyst). Cov khoom nickel yog ib qho heterogeneous catalyst catalyzed los ntawm reactants nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si kua ( zaub roj) thiab gaseous (hydrogen). Ib qho yooj yim heterogeneous catalytic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj ib tug reactant (los yog zh-ch: substrate; zh-tw: pawg neeg txais) adsorbed rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub catalyst, daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub reactant yog tawg thiab ib tug tshiab daim ntawv cog lus yog generated, tab sis cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub catalyst. cov khoom thiab cov catalyst tsis muaj zog, thiab cov khoom raug cais tawm ntawm qhov chaw tshuaj tiv thaiv. Nws paub tias ntau cov catalysts muaj cov qauv sib txawv ntawm adsorption thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm qhov chaw.
Biocatalysis
Enzymes yog cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg, uas yog cov organic uas muaj lub zog catalytic tsim los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, thiab cov kab mob (feem ntau ntawm cov proteins. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho me me ntawm RNA kuj muaj biocatalytic muaj nuj nqi), yav tas los hu ua enzymes. Lub catalytic kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes yog sib npaug xaiv. Piv txwv li, hmoov txhuv nplej siab. Enzymes catalyze cov hydrolysis ntawm starch rau hauv dextrin thiab maltose, proteases catalyze hydrolysis ntawm proteins rau peptides, thiab lwm yam. Cov kab mob muaj sia siv lawv los ua kom muaj tshuaj lom neeg hauv lub cev. Yog tsis muaj enzymes, ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob hauv cov kab mob uas muaj sia nyob yuav ua tau qeeb heev, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev txhawb nqa lub neej. Ntawm qhov kub ntawm li 37 degree (qhov kub ntawm tib neeg lub cev), enzyme ua haujlwm zoo. Yog tias qhov kub siab tshaj 50 degree lossis 60 degree, enzyme yuav raug rhuav tshem thiab yuav tsis ua haujlwm ntxiv lawm. Yog li, biodetergents uas siv cov enzymes los rhuav tshem cov stains ntawm cov khaub ncaws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws thaum siv qhov kub thiab txias. Enzymes tseem ceeb heev hauv physiology, tshuaj, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, kev npaj enzyme tau siv ntau zuj zus.